Classification by Cylinder Arrangement
Inline Engine (L-Type)
All cylinders are arranged in a single line, sharing one cylinder head.
Advantages: Simple structure, compact size, good low-speed torque, low manufacturing cost.
Common forms: L3, L4, L6 (e.g., BMW inline-six).
V-Type Engine
Cylinders are divided into two groups arranged at a V angle (commonly 60° or 90°).
Advantages: Shorter engine block, lower center of gravity, smooth operation, helps reduce vehicle drag.
Applications: V6 and V8 are widely used in mid- to high-end cars and performance vehicles.
W-Type Engine
Developed by Volkswagen, it essentially combines two small V engines into a large V (approximately W-shaped).
Advantages: Shorter and lighter than a V-type, suitable for multi-cylinder layouts (e.g., W12).
Flat Engine (H-Type)
Cylinders are arranged horizontally opposite each other at a 180° angle.
Advantages: Extremely low center of gravity, low vibration, high power transmission efficiency.
Applications: Certain models by Porsche and Subaru.
